Crude oil theft has grown into a huge monster threatening the Nigerian economy, the Niger Delta environment and its people. Energy policy analyst, Adeola Yusuf, in this analysis uses data and dates to show why it is imperative for all Nigerians to rise against the monster
The Group Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer (GMD/CEO) of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Limited, Mallam Mele Kyari, it was who first described the crude oil theft as a national emergency. Kyari placed his conviction on account of the proportion, dimension and sophistication theft of the important resource has taken in recent times.
Nigeria, as an oil producing country, ought to be enjoying a windfall now with the sudden rise in the price of crude oil in the international market due to the Russia-Ukraine situation. Before the Russia-Ukraine crisis, crude was selling between $96 and $97 per barrel. It shot up to $105 per barrel the following day after the conflict began. It has since then been hovering between $110 and $125 per barrel till now. Nigeria is, unfortunately, not reaping as much as it should from this because it has not been able to meet its oil production quota set by the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
In fact, crude oil production has dropped to an all-time low of 1.29million barrels per day (without condensate) in the course of this unfortunate situation. The addition of condensate brings Nigeria’s current production to 1.49mbpd.
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Statistics of Loss
A look at production figures from 2020 till date shows in stark relief the how much of a monster the menace of crude oil theft has become. The average production in 2020, for instance, was at 1.77million barrels of oil per day (mbpd).
It would be recalled that 2020 was the year COVID-19, a pandemic that almost brought the world to a halt with virtually every country on lockdown. This saw the price of crude oil crashing to sub-zero levels with unprecedented demand dip. This development resulted in zero crude oil theft in Nigeria, obviously because there was no market for the thieves to sell their stolen crude. This saw the country recording its highest production level of 2.49mbpd on 17th April, 2020.
Interpreting The Statistics
What that development showed was that Nigeria has the capacity to produce that figure (2.49mbpd) on any normal day because there was not special intervention of any kind that led to that peak production on that day.
However, as normalcy began to return and the price of oil began to experience a steady rise, the oil thieves began to step up their game and upstream operators began to experience production losses which have been growing since in almost direct proportion to the rise in crude oil price in the international market.
Explaining the situation recently, the GMD said it got to a point where, if you inject 239,000 barrels of crude oil into either of the Trans-Niger Pipeline or the Nembe Creek Trunk Line (these are some of the major pipelines that convey crude oil to the terminals for export), you will only receive 3,000 barrels. It got to a point where it was no longer economically sustainable to pump crude into the lines and a force majeure was declared.
In 2021, a similar trend was observed. In January of that year, out of about 239,000bpd pumped into the line, only 190,000bpd was recovered putting the loss at 49,000bpd.
The rate of oil theft kept increasing as the price of crude oil was rising in the market until March 2022 when there was zero recovery from all the volumes that was pumped into the line.
Pattern And Modus Operandi of Oil Thieves
Another noticeable pattern in the trend of oil theft is that it is more endemic with Joint Ventures assets and those that belong to the Independents than with Production Sharing Contracts assets. This is likely because of the nature of the JV assets which are mainly onshore or in swamp/shallow waters. This makes the evacuation pipelines more accessible than those of the PSCs which are offshore and in deepwaters.
There is also a pattern in the way the theft is carried out. This can be discerned from the size of pipes inserted on the lines and the technology deployed in carrying out the insertion.
In some cases, the pipes inserted to steal crude oil from the lines are small and fitted in an amateurish way. This is an indication that those involved are small time criminals, more likely artisanal refiners who operate the slew of illegal refineries that dot the creeks of the Niger Delta from Akwa Ibom to Rivers, and from Delta to Bayelsa.
Some of the pipes fitted into the lines to siphon crude oil are big. In some cases, they are of same size with the pipeline or of the size that is used at the terminal to pump crude into vessels. A close look at them would reveal that they are professionally fitted with the use of cutting-edge technology. There have been cases where there are riser pipes were used indicating that the criminal deployed cranes. These cases indicate that the persons involved are not the regular illegal refinery operators but sophisticated and very knowledgeable criminals with access to vessels through which they ship the stolen crude oil out of the country.
The involvement of this last group is what accounts for the high volumes involved in the theft which has become an existential economic threat to the oil and gas industry and even Nigeria as a nation.
And, The Environment, The Economy Suffer
On the other hand, artisanal refiners and their illegal refineries have constituted a very grave danger to the environment and people of the host communities through the heavy pollution caused by their activities. This is beginning to cause soot in the atmosphere health challenges in some of those communities.
In terms of the financial loss to the nation, in 2021 the total volume of crude oil stolen is put at 200,000 per day. At an average price of $55 per barrel, the total loss came was about $bn (from January to December 2021).
In 2022, between January and April alone, the volume of crude stolen has risen to about 250,000 barrels per day putting the total loss at about $1,5bn (at the rate of $100 per barrel).
Another way to look at he virulent nature of the crime is to look at the rate at which the crude pipelines are breached with insertions. On a stretch of 20kilometers pipeline, there were 85 insertion points in three weeks!
The Trans-Forcados Pipeline, which is about the most reliable of all the land lines, is not spared. It records about 19,000bpd loss day.
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There are also case of sheer vandalism where the lines are just blown out with explosives resulting in spillages and environmental hazard.
Yet another area where oil theft is affecting the economy is the area of investment. It has slowed down the gains the PIA is supposed to bring about in the area of investment. Potential investors now ask how they can recoup their investment when crude oil is stolen.
Buhari’s Marching Order
With the twin menace of oil theft and pipeline vandalism assuming epidemic proportion, the President has given marching orders to the Chief of Defense Staff to lead a war against the criminals
All the security agencies have been mobilized to flush out the criminal element and restore normalcy.
In fact, the DSS and the Navy have already made some arrests.
NNPC has also deployed community-based security to monitor the pipelines while it is working on deploying technological tools for more effective surveillance and monitoring of the lines and facilities.
EFCC and NFIU are also tracking movement of funds relating to the criminality.
Mallam Mele Kyari has also led top management team to a meeting with the Chief of Defence Staff, Major General Lucky Irabor, at the Defence Headquarters in Abuja, where he maintained that the Company’s losee an average of 200,000 barrels daily to activities of crude oil thieves.
He disclosed that though petroleum products theft on System 2B Pipeline has reduced considerably due to support from the security agencies, the nation was still losing about 200,000 barrels of crude oil daily to theft and vandalism. “We have two sets of losses – one coming from our products and the other coming from crude oil. In terms of crude losses, it is still going on.
“On the average, we are losing 200,000 barrels of crude every day,” a press release by Group General Manager, Group Public Affairs Division, NNPC, quoted Mallam Kyari to have stated.
Meawhile, the Chief of Defence Staff, Major General Irabor, has promised to galvanize the military to provide maximum security for the nation’s oil and gas assets. Speaking while receiving the GMD, General Irabor commended Kyari for initiating the engagement, saying: “I am delighted that you made this effort and I tell you that the armed forces of Nigeria will collaborate with you to protect NNPC’s assets.”
NNPC Gets Military Into battle against theft
General Irabor, who acknowledged the significant role of the oil and gas sector to the economy, said there was the need for collaboration between NNPC and the armed forces to protect oil and gas facilities, which he described as critical national assets.
“It is my intention to cooperate maximally with you and to give necessary instructions to all officers in the armed forces given that our existence, economically, rests almost solely on NNPC, and to that extent, we must do everything possible to give you everything that you require,” the CDS stated.
Speaking earlier, the NNPC GMD commended the security agencies for their support and called for more protection for NNPC’s operational assets and personnel.
Last Line
While there is hope that all the measures that have been deployed so far will begin to yield results within the next two months, it must be pointed out that oil theft and pipeline vandalism are problems for everyone. Apart from the host communities that are directly affected by the environmental degradation, every citizen suffers the loss of national revenue when government does not have enough to provide social amenities and infrastructure to improve the quality of life in the country.
It is, therefore, imperative for all Nigerians to rise up against those behind crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism with a view to stamping them out so that the oil and gas industry can yield the fulness of its benefit to the nation and the citizenry.
